Standards
How many bits each audio sample uses — and what that means for dynamic range and noise.
The decibel scales used in audio, how they relate, and why the same '−18 dB' can mean different things.
WAV, AIFF, FLAC, MP3, AAC — what each format does, and when to use which.
The space between your average signal and the digital ceiling — and why you need more of it than you think.
How Spotify, Apple Music, YouTube and others normalise loudness — and how it affects mastering decisions.
The modern loudness measurement standard — what it is, how it works, and what every platform targets.
How professional audio travels over standard Ethernet — for studios, live sound, and broadcast.
How wave alignment affects sound — the most-misunderstood concept in audio engineering.
44.1 vs 48 vs 96 kHz — what sample rate means, which to use, and why it matters less than you think.
The 1969 standard for synchronising audio, video, and lighting — still the lingua franca of film and broadcast.